potassium fluoride ;CAS No:7789-23-3
Potassium fluoride or a mixture of potassium fluoride and N-neopentyl-4-(dialkylamino)-pyridinium chlorides were used as catalysts to promote the polymer-forming nucleophilic displacement reaction in PEK synthesis. It is an alkali halide and occurs naturally as the rare mineral carobbiite. Solutions of KF will etch glass due to the formation of soluble fluorosilicates, although HF is more effective.
1. Product Summary of Potassium Fluoride
Product Name: Potassium Fluoride
Synonyms: Anhydrous Potassium Fluoride
CAS NO.: 7789-23-3
Molecular Weight: 58.10
Molecular Formula: KF
CBNumber: CB4237549
Saturated vapor pressure (kPa):133.3Pa (885 DEG C)
Solubility: soluble in water, hydrofluoric acid, liquid ammonia, insoluble in alcohol.
Solubility in water: 44.7g/0 DEG C; 53.5g/10 DEG C; 94.9g/20 DEG C; 108g/30 DEG C; 138g/40 DEG C; 142g/60 DEG C; 150g/80 DEG C;
Single isotope mass: 57.96211 Da
Nominal mass: 58 Da
Average quality: 58.0967 Da
Usage: In the metal
finishing, batteries, coatings, photographic chemicals, industrial
chemicals. Package: Our potassium fluoride is packaged with aluminum
foil bag (20kg/bag) or cardboard drum (75kg/drum), or will be packed
upon clients¡¯ requests.
Type of Potassium Fluoride: Potassium fluoride(spray dried).99.5% Min; Potassium fluoride(Granular),99.5% Min; Potassium fluoride,40% solution
Package: 1)20 kg /aluminum
foil bag or 75kg/drum (for spray dried KF)
2)25 kg /aluminum foil bag or 25 kg/drum (for
Granular KF) 3)1000 L/drum or 20
MT/ISO Tank (for KF,40% solution)
Henan Yellow River New Material Technology
Co., Ltd. is the largest manufacturer of Potassium Fluoride in the
world. We produce the full series of Potassium Fluoride including spray
dried KF, granular KF and KF solution.
2. Basic Information of Potassium Fluoride
Potassium Fluoride (KF) is a chemical compound
with the CAS registry number 7789-23-3. It is also known as Fluorure de
potassium and has a molecular formula of KF with a molecular weight of
58.1. This compound has an EINECS number of 232-151-5 and is typically
found in the form of a crystalline powder. It has a high melting point
of 858¡ãC and a boiling point of 1505¡ãC. KF is soluble in hydrofluoric
acid and liquid ammonia but only slightly soluble in alcohol and
acetone.
Potassium Fluoride has two hydrate compounds,
KF•2H2O and KF•4H2O. It has good solubility in water and readily absorbs
moisture, so it should be stored in a sealed container. Proper storage
involves keeping it in a tightly closed container in a cool, dry,
ventilated area, away from acids and alkalis. It is incompatible with
platinum plus bromine trifluoride and can react with strong acids to
form hydrogen fluoride.
KF finds extensive applications in various
fields, including as a raw material in the inorganic fluorine industry,
for the production of agrochemical and pharmaceutical intermediates, and
in the electronic industry for metal surface treatment. In areas with a
fluorine deficiency, it is added to table salt as a food additive. KF
is also used in the production of flux products and serves as a
preservative, catalyzer, and water-absorbing agent.
In scientific research, methods like Infrared
(IR) spectroscopy, X-ray phase analysis, and scanning electron
microscopy are used to study its properties and behaviors. For instance,
KF can be involved in the spontaneous formation of potassium
hydrofluoride in certain conditions. This compound can continue to
increase in quantity within a sample, and the formation of nanoscale
pores can be observed during the aging of a material.
1). Properties of Potassium Fluoride
The other characteristics of Potassium
Fluoride (CAS NO.: 7789-23-3) can be summarized as: (1). Specific
Gravity: 0.3-0.6; (2) Boiling Point: 1505¡æ (2741F); (4) Melting Point:
860¡æ (1580F); (5) Vapor Density (Air=1): 2.0.
2). Preparation and Use
Preparation: Potassium Fluoride could be
produced through the neutralization method, with the following chemical
equation:KOH+HF¡úKF+H2O.
Use: Potassium Fluoride is widely applied in
the preparation for various kinds of organic fluoride. For example, KF
could used to promote the processing of the following carbonyl-coupling
reaction:
3). Hazard identification of Potassium Fluoride and its according first aid measures:
Hazard identification of Potassium Fluoride are as below:
Skin Contact: Causes severe irritation and possibly burns to the skin. May be absorbed through the skin. Effects may not appear immediately.
Eye Contact: Causes irritation. May be extremely irritating with possible burns to eye tissue and permanent eye damage may result.
Inhalation: May cause
irritation and burns to the respiratory tract. May be absorbed through
inhalation of dust. Irritation and burning effects may not appear
immediately.
Ingestion: May cause
salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, followed by
weakness, tremors, shallow respiration, cardopedal spasm, convulsions,
and coma. May cause brain and kidney damage. Death may be caused by
respiratory paralysis. Affects heart and circulatory system.
Chronic Exposure: Chronic
exposure may cause mottling of teeth and bone damage (osteosclerosis)
and fluorosis. Symptoms of fluorisis include brittle bones,weight loss,
anemia, calcified ligaments, general ill health and joint stiffness.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Populations that appear to be at increased risk from the effects of
fluoride are individuals that suffer from diabetes insipidus or some
forms of renal impairment.
First aid procedures for contacting Potassium
Fluoride should be pre-planned for fluoride compound emergencies.
Skin Contact: Promptly wash
with soap and water, rinsing until clean. Remove contaminated clothing
and wash before reuse. CALL A PHYSICIAN IMMEDIATELY.
Eye Contact: Immediately
flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower
and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
Inhalation: If inhaled,
remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If
breathing is difficult, give oxygen. CALL A PHYSICIAN IMMEDIATELY.
Ingestion: Administer milk,
chewable calcium carbonate tablets or milk of magnesia. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. CALL A PHYSICIAN
IMMEDIATELY.
Note to Physician: For large
exposures, systemic effects (hypocalcemia and hypomagnesia) may occur.
Potassium can reduce blood pressure and cause coma.
4). Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
The exposure controls and personal protection of Potassium Fluoride are as below:
Airborne Exposure Limits: - OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): 2.5 mg (F)/m3 (TWA) - ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 2.5 mg (F)/m3 (TWA)
Ventilation System: A system
of local and/or general exhaust is recommended to keep employee
exposures below the Airborne Exposure Limits. Local exhaust ventilation
is generally preferred because it can control the emissions of the
contaminant at its source, preventing dispersion of it into the general
work area. Please refer to the ACGIH document, Industrial Ventilation, A
Manual of Recommended Practices, most recent edition, for details.
Personal Respirators (NIOSH Approved): If the exposure limit is exceeded, a half-face dust/mist respirator may
be worn for up to ten times the exposure limit or the maximum use
concentration specified by the appropriate regulatory agency or
respirator supplier, whichever is lowest. A full-face piece dust/mist
respirator may be worn up to 50 times the exposure limit, or the maximum
use concentration specified by the appropriate regulatory agency, or
respirator supplier, whichever is lowest. For emergencies or instances
where the exposure levels are not known, use a full-facepiece
positive-pressure, air-supplied respirator. WARNING: Air-purifying
respirators do not protect workers in oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
Skin Protection: If dealing
with Potassium Fluoride, wear impervious protective clothing, including
boots, gloves, lab coat, apron or coveralls, as appropriate, to prevent
skin contact.
Eye Protection: If contact
with Potassium Fluoride, use chemical safety goggles and/or full face
shield where dusting or splashing of solutions is possible. Maintain eye
wash fountain and quick-drench facilities in work area.
In addition, if in the event of a fire, wear
full protective clothing and NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing
apparatus with full facepiece operated in the pressure demand or other
positive pressure mode.
5). Descriptors of Structure of Potassium Fluoride
(1)SMILES:[F-].[K+]
(2)Std. InChI:InChI=1S/FH.K/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
(3)Std. InChIKey:NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M
6). Toxicity Information of Potassium Fluoride
|
Organism
|
Test Type
|
Route
|
Reported Dose (Normalized Dose)
|
Effect
|
Source
|
|
frog
|
LDLo
|
subcutaneous
|
420mg/kg (420mg/kg)
|
|
Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de Ses Filiales. Vol. 124, Pg. 133, 1937.
|
|
guinea pig
|
LDLo
|
oral
|
250mg/kg (250mg/kg)
|
|
"Merck Index; an Encyclopedia of
Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals", 11th ed., Rahway, NJ 07065, Merck
& Co., Inc. 1989Vol. 11, Pg. 1214, 1989.
|
|
mouse
|
LD50
|
intraperitoneal
|
40030ug/kg (40.03mg/kg)
|
|
Deutsche Zahnaerztliche Zeitschrift. Vol. 34, Pg. 484, 1979.
|
|
rat
|
LD50
|
intraperitoneal
|
64mg/kg (64mg/kg)
|
|
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, University of Rochester, Research and Development Reports. Vol. UR-154, Pg. 1951,
|
|
frog
|
LD50
|
oral
|
245mg/kg (245mg/kg)
|
|
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, University of Rochester, Research and Development Reports. Vol. UR-154, Pg. 1951,
|
Potassium fluoride Computational chemistry data
1. Calculation reference value of hydrophobic parameter (XlogP): no
2, hydrogen bond donor number: 0
3, the number of hydrogen bonding receptor: 1
4. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 0
5, the number of variants: None
6, topological molecular polarity surface area (TPSA): 0
7, the number of heavy atoms: 2
8 surface charge: 0
9 complexity: 2
10 isotope number: 0
11. Determine the number of atomic centers: 0
12. The number of atoms in the center of the atom is determined: 0
13. Determine the number of chemical bond centers: 0
14. The number of chemical bond centers is not determined: 0
15. Unit number of covalent bonds: 2
Potassium fluoride Related compounds
Other anions
Potassium chloride
Potassium bromide
Potassium iodide
Potassium astatide
Other cations
Lithium fluoride
Sodium fluoride
Rubidium fluoride
Caesium fluoride
Francium fluoride
potassium fluoride solution Product Overview
Solvay Fluorides, LLC does not sell
potassium fluoride solution (KF) directly to consumers.Most potassium
fluoride solution is used in industrial applications and processes.
3. Product Uses
Potassium Fluoride (KF) is a versatile
compound used in various industries and applications, ranging from
chemical synthesis to electronics and more.
-
Industrial Textile Processing and Laundries: Potassium
fluoride solution is employed for pH adjustment in industrial textile
processing facilities and laundries. It helps in maintaining the desired
pH levels in these processes.
-
Chemical Synthesis: KF serves as an intermediate or raw
material in chemical synthesis and processes. It is frequently utilized
in the production of agrichemical and pesticide products.
-
Nucleophilic Fluorination Reactions: KF is a key reagent for
nucleophilic fluorination reactions. In recent years, various promoters
and catalysts, such as ionic liquids, modified crown ethers, and
transition metal catalysts, have been used to enhance the reactivity,
selectivity, and efficiency of KF in nucleophilic substitution
reactions.
-
Versatile Organofluorine Compounds: KF, in combination
with catalysts or promoters, is employed to synthesize versatile
organofluorine compounds, expanding its utility in organic chemistry.
-
Applications in Various Industries: KF is used in glass
engraving, food preservation, and plating. It can also act as a welding
flux, insecticide, catalyst, and absorbent (for HF and moisture). It is
utilized as a fluorinating agent for organic compounds, particularly in
the production of agrichemical and pesticide products.
-
In the Electronics Industry: In the field of
electronics, potassium fluoride is used for post-deposition treatment
(KF-PDT) in the production of CIGS solar cells, leading to improved cell
conversion efficiency.
Potassium fluoride Uses References:
¡¶Potassium
fluoride improving the ignition and combustion performance of
micron-sized aluminum particles in high temperature water vapor¡·, Wei
Shi,Baoxin Dai,Baozhong Zhu,Yunlan Sun &Ying Chen, Energy Sources,
Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects Volume 45, 2023
- Issue 2
To improve the ignition
and combustion characteristics and combustion efficiency of micron-sized
aluminum particle in high temperature water vapor atmosphere, a
self-designed tube furnace setup was used to study the effects of
potassium fluoride (KF) on the ignition and combustion characteristics
of micron-sized aluminum particle in high temperature water vapor.
¡¶Effect of
silver diamine fluoride/potassium iodide treatment on the prevention of
dental erosion in primary teeth: an in vitro study, Lamia Khairy
Gadallah¡·, Engie Mohamed Safwat, Reham Sayed Saleh, Shereen Musa Azab
& Maha Moussa Azab , BDJ Open volume 9, Article number: 24 (2023)
The application of
potassium iodide KI following SDF was supposed to reduce the potential
staining caused by SDF application by scavenging the free silver ions
and forming a creamy white silver iodide precipitate.
Exposure Potential
Workplace Exposure: Potassium fluoride is
identified as corrosive and toxic when ingested, inhaled, or in contact
with the skin and eyes. Exposure can occur in facilities involved in the
manufacturing, packaging, storage, or transportation of KF. Individuals
engaged in maintenance, sampling, testing activities, and
loading/unloading KF containers are at a higher risk of exposure. To
minimize the likelihood of exposure, adhering to good industrial hygiene
practices is recommended. For those engaged in higher-risk activities,
the use of proper personal protective equipment, including rubber
gloves, boots, goggles, hard hats, and face shields in cases of
potential splashes, is essential.
Exposure Limits: Exposure limits for
potassium bifluoride (per OSHA, ACGIH, and other agencies) are listed
based on "fluoride" content rather than specifically for KBF. Safety
Data Sheets should be consulted for information regarding specific
exposure limits.
Consumer Exposure: While Solvay Fluorides,
LLC does not directly sell potassium fluoride solution to consumers, it
may be present in some consumer cleaning products. Users are advised to
follow the manufacturer's usage instructions and label recommendations
when handling such products.
Environmental Releases: In the event of
spills of potassium fluoride solution, containment and isolation
measures should be taken to prevent contamination of waterways, sewers,
or drains. The affected area should be thoroughly washed down with ample
water. Lime or calcium hydroxide can be used to neutralize contaminated
water and immobilize fluoride ions as calcium fluoride. Disposal should
be carried out in compliance with relevant local, state, or federal
regulations. Persons involved in spill cleanup must wear appropriate
personal protective equipment.
Fires: Fires involving potassium fluoride
solution should be extinguished using appropriate methods considering
the circumstances and the surrounding environment. It's noted that
hazardous decomposition products, such as hydrogen fluoride vapor, may
be generated if KF is involved in a fire. Firefighters responding to
such incidents should wear self-contained breathing apparatus and
protective suits.
For additional information concerning
potassium fluoride solution emergency response procedures,please consult
the Safety Data Sheet.
Health Information
potassium fluoride can be highly corrosive
and pose various health risks when in contact with the skin, eyes,
through inhalation, or ingestion, including burns, respiratory issues,
and potential severe consequences such as hypocalcemia and heart
problems. Proper handling and safety precautions are crucial when
dealing with this substance.
-
Contact with Skin or Eyes:
Contact with KF can lead to skin irritation, redness, and swelling, which may progress to severe burns if not promptly treated.
Eye exposure to KF can result in severe eye irritation, burns, or even blindness.
-
Inhalation:
Inhaling KF vapors can cause a range of
symptoms, including irritation of the nose and throat, coughing, and
breathing difficulties.
Aspiration of KF can lead to pulmonary edema (fluid on the lungs) and pneumonitis (lung inflammation).
Repeated or prolonged exposures may result in symptoms like a sore throat, nosebleeds, and chronic bronchitis.
Prolonged exposure may cause hypocalcemia
(reduced calcium levels), leading to nervous problems (tetany) and
irregular heartbeats (cardiac arrhythmia) or spasms.
-
Ingestion:
Ingesting KF can cause burns in the mouth and throat, and it may result in the perforation of the esophagus and stomach.
Other symptoms of KF ingestion include
nausea, bloody vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, difficulty breathing,
throat swelling, loss of consciousness, coma, and heart failure.
-
Other Effects:
The International Agency for Research on
Cancer (IARC) has not classified sodium fluoride solution, a related
substance, as carcinogenic (cancer-causing).
Environmental Information
Potassium fluoride solution is not known to
bioaccumulate or persist in the environment for more than a few days.
For more ecological and environmental information concerning this
product, please consult the Safety Data Sheet.
Physical Hazard Information
Potassium fluoride solution is corrosive and
can corrode some metals. It is not flammable or explosive.Exposure of
potassium fluoride solution to strong acids, strong bases, metals, glass
or high temperatures can cause decomposition. Decomposition of
potassium fluoride solution will result in the liberation of hydrogen
fluoride gas.
For more information concerning the physical hazards of this product, please consult the Safety Data Sheet.
Regulatory Information
Potassium fluoride and Sodium fluoride
Potassium fluoride and Sodium fluoride are
both white crystals with a rock-salt structure. However, they have
distinct properties and applications:
-
Potassium Fluoride (KF):
-
Potassium fluoride is hygroscopic, meaning it easily absorbs moisture from the air.
-
It readily dissolves in water, with high solubility (92.3g/100g water at 18¡æ).
-
It has dihydrate and tetrahydrate forms.
-
It is alkaline and can easily undergo addition reactions with hydrogen fluoride to produce acid salts.
-
It is useful in organic chemistry as a source of fluoride ions, making it an effective organic fluorinating agent.
-
It can participate in halogen exchange fluorination reactions.
-
Sodium Fluoride (NaF):
-
Sodium fluoride is insoluble in water at high temperatures (indissolvable at 100¡æ, 5g/100ml water).
-
It can be prepared by reacting sodium silicofluoride with sodium hydroxide in an industrial process.
-
Sodium fluoride is known for being cost-effective among alkali metal fluorides.
-
It has applications in the atomic
energy industry, primarily as an adsorbent for hydrogen fluoride and in
various other industrial processes.
-
It can react with hydrogen fluoride to form acid salts.
Potassium hydrogen fluoride
Potassium hydrogen fluoride, also known as
"potassium hydrogen fluoride," "acid potassium fluoride," or "heavy
potassium fluoride," is a hydrofluoric acid salt with the chemical
formula KHF2 and a molecular weight of 78.11. It is a colorless
isometric system crystal that is prone to deliquescence and is highly
toxic. This compound has a relative density of 2.369 g/cm3 and is
soluble in water and potassium acetate but insoluble in ethanol. Its
aqueous solution is acidic and strongly corrosive to glass and ceramics.
When heated to about 225¡ãC, it can decompose, and in humid air, it can
absorb moisture and release hydrogen fluoride.
Regulations may exist that govern the
manufacture, sale, export, import, storage, transportation,use and/or
disposal of this chemical. These regulations can vary by city, state,
country or geographic region. Information may be found by consulting the
relevant Safety Data Sheet specific to your country or region.
Potassium fluoride KF Supplier
Henan Yellow River New Material Technology
Co., Ltd. is the world's largest manufacturer of Potassium Fluoride,
offering a full series of Potassium Fluoride products, including
spray-dried KF, granular KF, and KF solution. Potassium Fluoride (KF) is
a chemical compound with a formula of KF and CAS registry number
7789-23-3. It is a crystalline powder with a molecular weight of 58.10, a
melting point of 858¡æ, a boiling point of 1505¡æ, and a density of 2.481
g/cm3. KF is highly soluble in water, easily absorbs moisture, and
should be stored in sealed containers. KF serves as a primary source of
fluoride ions for various chemical reactions. Its aqueous solution is
alkaline and can etch glass.
The main differences between high-activity anhydrous potassium fluoride and common anhydrous potassium fluoride are as follows:
-
Purity and Reactivity: High-activity
anhydrous potassium fluoride has high purity and uniform particle size,
resulting in high reactivity. It is specifically designed for organic
fluorination reactions, offering high yield with a lower dosage. It can
serve as a cost-effective alternative to traditional fluorination
reactions.
-
Proportion: The way high-activity
anhydrous potassium fluoride and common anhydrous potassium fluoride are
produced differs, leading to varying proportions. The former typically
has a proportion ranging from about 0.3 to about 1.2, while the latter
is considered the better reagent.
-
Production Method: High-activity potassium
fluoride is often produced through spray drying, resulting in smaller
particle sizes and a larger specific surface area. This unique
production method enhances its kinetics, reactivity, and thermodynamic
stability, making it significantly more effective than ordinary
potassium fluoride.
-
Specific Surface Area: High-activity
potassium fluoride has a specific surface area of around 13 square
meters per gram, which is substantially higher than the specific surface
area of ordinary potassium fluoride, typically ranging from 0.04 to
0.13 square meters per gram.
Henan Yellow River New Material Technology
Co., Ltd. packages its potassium fluoride in aluminum foil bags
(20kg/bag) or cardboard drums (75kg/drum) or according to clients'
specific requirements.
Questions and answers you may encounter when purchasing Potassium Fluoride
Why is potassium fluoride, Kg, more stable than the elements potassium and fluoride that comprise it?
Best Answer: potassium fluoride kf is more
stable as a compound is formed to attain stability , bond formation
takes place only if the new compound is more stable or if an excess of
energy is given.
potassium has 1 valence electron and it needs to loose it so that it attains noble gas config.
fluorine has 7 valence electron and needs 1 to attain noble gas config so k looses one and f gains one to form kf
Why sodium or potassium fluoride used an alcohol blood test?
Best Answer: If you are talking about
Potassium Fluoride, it is an agent that helps prevent foreign things
from growing within the blood sample.
Separately, Sodium Fluoride and Potassium
Oxalate do little, but together they inhibit the breakdown of glucose in
the blood. In this mixture, Potassium Oxalate acts as the
anticoagulant. This, in essence, preserves the blood to be able to test
at a later time.
Bromine and aqueous potassium fluoride, reaction?
Best Answer: Bromine(Br) is less
electronegative than Fluorine(F). Hence Br can not take up elctrons from
F. Thus no reaction occurs between Bromine(Br2) and Potassium
Fluoride(KF).
This is because in Br2 ( liquid) bromine is in zero oxidation state and in KF, F is in -1 oxidation state.
What is the balanced formula for the compound potassium fluoride and how did you come up with it ?
Best Answer:
Ok, first what do we know?
We know that we have a compound containing two elements, potassium and flourine.
If you look to the first period (vertical column) on the periodic table, you see that potassium (K) has a +1 charge.
Now, look to the element flourine. We see
it has a -1 charge. The overall compound must be neutral, since it's not
an ion. So we put the two together and get KF.
Now, look at the charge: the K brings a +1, the F brings a -1
Add them up, +1 - 1 = 0
So the final formula is: KF
--
if you had asked about Calcium chloride, it would have been CaCl2
Why? Calcium brings in a +2 charge, while chlorine brings in a -1.
In order for the overall charge to be 0, we need 2 chlorine atoms.
+2 -(1*2) = 0
Why does calcium sulfide have a higher melting point that potassium fluoride?
Best Answer: Because calcium sulfide, CaS,
have a charge value of 2 and in potassium fluoride, KF, a charge value
of 1Ca 2+ and S 2-K 1+ and F 1-
A higher charge value means a stronger
attraction between the ions and therefore a higher melting point which
is 2525 deg Celsius for CaS and 870 deg Celsius for KF.
Difference between Stannous fluoride and Potassium Nitrate?
Best Answer: I'm sorry to hear about your sensitive teeth.
Let me answer your questions.
1. Stannous fluoride does not repair enamel
but it incorporates into the enamel and changes it from hydroxyapatite
to fluoroapatite which is more resistant to acid damage from the
bacteria in dental plaque and it IS recommended topically to help
prevent cavities. The closest thing to repairing enamel is that it may
help remineralize decalcified enamel.
2. Potassium nitrate has no effect on
repairing enamel or caries prevention. It is recommended as a topical
desensitizer for sensitive teeth.
3. A tooth with worn down enamel can be
repaired with other materials such as with fillings or crowns. Once the
enamel is gone, you don't get it back.
4. For sensitive teeth you need to use a
toothpaste labeled for sensitive teeth, and I would choose one that has
potassium nitrate, not stannous fluoride.
Also, you need to apply the toothpaste at
least 4 or more times each day if you want it to be effective. I know
the instructions say twice a day, but twice is not effective.
